King Hammurabi

The Legacy of Hammurabi

The code of Hammurabi is a compilation of 282 laws written in the ancient Babylonian (Akkadian) language, set on 12 tablets. It was displayed in public so that any literate citizen would be able to read it.

Hammurabi was born 1795 B.C. and died in 1750 B. C. Hammurabi created and ruled over the Babylonian Empire, however the monarchs that followed him were not able to keep it. At the time of Hammurabi, Babylon was a city-state. Hammurabi lived during the first dynasty and inherited his crown from his father, Sin-muballit, in 1792 B.C. During that period of history all the city=states waged war upon each other to get access to fertile agricultural land so important to human survival.

The History of Ancient Babylon is fascinating. Most people know that Babylon was the center of civilization in the ancient world and is situated in the modern country of Iraq. However, many people equate Babylon’s history starting with the rise in power of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was actually the sixth King of Babylon and through his mighty warrior abilities he gained control over all of Mesopotamia. He considered himself to be the first kind of the Babylonian Empire.

Hammurabi had already had a minor empire when he ascended the throne but Mesopatmia was very divided. The Elamites (city-state known as Elam) from the Zagros Mountains were east of Sumer (the land of the ancient Sumerians), which is modern day Iran. They had mighty trade routes in the Middle East and had taken over the central plains of Mesopotamia by crushing city-states along the way. They had destroyed the Empire of Eshnunna (the kingdom that controlled the upper Tigress river) and were fast approaching upon southern Mesopotamia where Hammurabi’s kingdom was located. Hammurabi made an alliance with neighbouring Larsa (which controlled the river delta) to defeat the Elams. Hammurabi won the battle with very little support from Larsa. So to avenge this betrayal, Hammurabi conquered and acquired Larsa. This victory gave him control of the entire southern plain of Mesopotamia in 1763 B.C.

Hammurabi continued to force upward into the northern territories defeating Eshnunna and even taking control of his Northern Allies. His military expansion led to the unification of Mesopotamia under one rule with the exception of a few city-states in Syria. Archeologist discovered several tablets depicting the contracts Hammurabi made during this period, as well as 55 of his own letters shedding light on the political situation of the time. These ancient, 4000 year old, cuneiform texts are housed in the British Museum.

The Hammurabi Code
Besides his military might, Hammurabi is best known for the code of Hammurabi. The code of Hammurabi is one of the first recorded legal codes in all of history. This code of Hammurabi is the basis for most legal systems trickling down through the ages; including the legal systems of the Western Hemisphere.

The actual code of law was written on stone tablets. These tablets were an amazing 6 feet in height. Hammurabi’s code was written in the ancient cuneiform style of writing from the Sumer period in 30th century B.C. Each violation or crime was written down along with the punishment. These punishments were extremely harsh compared to today’s standards.

The Hebrew law, “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth,” is the Babylonian law for the principle of exact reciprocity. For example if someone killed their friend’s child their child would be killed in retaliation. By codifying these laws, and setting them in stone for public display, it suggested the laws were higher than the workings of men. Even the king was subject to this higher power. Quebec’s codification of laws, derived from France Napoleonic code is a descent of Hammurabi’s code.The stele, (stone monument or tablets) were stolen from Hammurabi by the Elamites. Fortunately these ancient tablets were rediscovered in 1901 at the excavation of Susa, formerly the Kingdom of Elam, and are on display in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France.

Hammurabi’s code is one of the earliest court systems to recognize the “presumption of innocence” (innocent until proven guilty) that we have today.To commemorate Hammurabi’s importance to the legal field, many governments across the world hang his portrait on the walls of government buildings. “Because of Hammurabi's reputation as a lawgiver, his depiction can be found in several U.S. government buildings. Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in marble bas-reliefs in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol. An image of Hammurabi receiving the Code of Hammurabi from the Babylonian sun god (probably Shamash) is depicted on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building.”

Hammurabi did a lot for his empire. He improved the irrigation systems, supported astronomy mathematics and literature. Unlike the early Europeans, many of the common people could read in Hammurabi’s day.These rules and codes of conduct were thought to be instrumental in weakening the military might of the kingdom of the day. The Hittites invaded Babylon after the death of Hammurabi. The kingdom was invaded for the second time. This time by the Kassites who dominated Babylon for over 400 years. Yet, even they, the conquerors, adopted the Hammurabi code.



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Moriarty Media grabs Charles V. Carr Project

Rumor has it that James Moriarty has teamed up with Cathleen Carr to produce the documentary about the late Charles V. Carr, pioneer of civil rights movement. http://charliecarr.wordpress.com

American Image Institute: Cathleen Carr, American Law Institute

Cathleen V. Carr
Patrolineal affiliation

Cathleen Carr, American Law Institute

American Image Institute
American Law Institute
Platinum American Families
Cathleen V. Carr, Esq.
AII - Patrolineal IV, Matralineal IV, Lodge


EDUCATION

Villa Maria
Howard University
Case Western Reserve University
Kent State University
American Eastern Institute
The International New Thought Seminary
International Metaphysical Ministry University Seminary
University of Metaphysics
Cleveland School of Massage
Cleveland College Of Jewish Studies
Cleveland Institute of Music

LICENSES

Law: Ohio State Supreme Court; US Court of Appeals;
Real Estate: Broker

DEGREES and CERTIFICATIONS
LMP, BA magna cum laude, MA, JD, PhD

English Literature
Business Communications
Law
Pastoral Counseling
Metaphysics
Herbalism
BioEnergetic Therapy
Chinese and Ayruvedic Medicinal Philosophy



PROFESSIONAL ADMISSIONS, ORGANIZATIONS
and
COMMUNITY SERVICE AFFILIATIONS

International Policy Institute
American Arbitration Association
Cleveland Bar Association
Cuyahoga County Bar Association
Ohio State Bar Association
Norman S. Minor Bar Association
Federal Bar Association
Greater Cleveland Growth Association
Chamber of Commerce
Instructor, Myers College
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Trustee, Glenville Development Corporation
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Cleveland State University Workshops Facilitator
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Temple Emanuel
Universal Church of Light in Christ Triumphant
4-H
Vidcom Kobi Productions
American Holistic Practitioners Guild
The International Association of Body Workers Alliance
The International Complementary and Alternative Medicine Guild
International New Thought Ministry
Pastoral Counselors Certification Board
American Metaphysical Doctors Association



Hobbies and Interests:

Cooking
Curling
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History
Ice Skating
Politics
Tennis



Lectures, public speaking engagements, workshops, seminars, writings, publications upon appropriate written request.

Cathleen Carr, American Law Institute

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Alternative Medicine and Naturopathy

Alternative medicine is where science-based Western medicine and naturopathic Eastern healing practices meet. The alternative medicine practice of naturopathy treats the entire patient, not just his symptoms. If you enrolled in an alternative medicine degree program you could study:

* Anatomy and physiology
* Biochemistry and microbiology
* Surgery
* Herbalism
* Natural health practices
* Holistic nutrition
* Naturopathy
* Aroma therapy


Alternative medicine is the study and practice of how the body heals itself. Rather than subjecting patients to drugs and invasive surgeries to root out diseases, alternative medicine looks for the root of the problem. Healers look to remove blocks to natural healing and use herbalists' skills, holistic nutrition, and other non-invasive homeopathy techniques.

Alternative medicine and naturopathy is a health sciences profession that many doctors are beginning to explore. Curriculums for physicians include classes in:

* Holistic nutrition
* Homeopathy
* Eastern medicine
* Natural childbirth
* Counseling and stress management.


According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment in health care is expected to increase 27 percent through 2014. Alternative medicine is a great way to get back to nature while establishing a great career.

Alternative Health School

What is the difference between a conventional medical school and an alternative health school?

alternative education

As an alternative health school, American Eastern Institute (AEI) educates students to become Naturopaths and alternative health and wellness experts. Though our College focuses on students becoming certified practitioners of alternative healthcare, there are numerous conventional medical similarities in the curriculum offered. AEI students are taught the same comprehensive basic science courses as in conventional medical schools, such as anatomy and biochemistry. In addition, students are taught the philosophy of alternative medicine and how to treat diseases by removing obstacles to cure and helping the body to heal. Although not licensed to prescribe drugs,the institute creates allied health care professionals who primarily use nutrition, nutritional supplements, botanical medicine, Chinese medicine, mind-body medicine, homeopathy, naturopathic manipulation, and psychology. American Eastern Institute is recognized as the innovative and technological leader among the alternative health schools in North America. Becoming a practitioner of alternative healing arts and sciences through the college ensures a wonderful career of healing people naturally and effectively.

How do graduates practice medicine?

Unlike many other alternative health schools, American Eastern Institute is an alternative health care school that gives students a valid alternative health and wellness education preparing them for national certification exams. After successfully graduating from the college, students take national certification exams. After they pass the certification exams, they are qualified practitioners who can set up practice as naturopaths specializing in alternative health care. Career opportunities for our graduates are excellent. American Eastern Institute is renown for its business career department that helps new graduates set up a practice right away. Many physicians from our alternative health school set up their own private practice, join a clinic with other doctors, including MDs, work for laboratories, or do research or medical writing. Although all states do not license doctors who graduate from naturopathic medical schools, there are naturopathic physicians flourishing throughout the country.

American Eastern Institute Alternative Health Education and Training

AmericanEasternInstitute

American Alternative Health Distance Learning Integrative Health Care solutions and professional training through American Eastern Institute

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